Rastra Gaurav Previous Year 2022 Short Question & Answers

 1.1 Arthshashtra

Ans:- 

1. The Arthashastra is an Ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, political science, economic policy, and military strategy. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text.

2. Kautilyas Arthashastra guides a wise king to further the national interests of the state that center on issues of security, wealth, and prestige.

3. Arthashastra incorporates both civil law and criminal law. Kautilya attributed a lot of importance to 'dharma'. According to him, 'the ultimate source of all law is dharma'. He enticed in the name of 'dharma' to the sense of honor and duty and human dignity, moral responsibility, and enlightened loyalty.

4. Chanakya believed that rewarding those who are performing well motivates them to continue doing their best. It is important to hold people accountable for their work – both good and bad. 

5. In Chanakya's ground-breaking Arthashastra, Chanakya lists the seven pillars of an organization. "The king, the minister, the country, the fortified city, the Treasury, the army, and the Ally are the constituent elements of the state."

6. Arthashastra is divided into 15 adhikaranas or book titles, 150 chapters, and 180 topics. It is believed to be written as a handbook by Kautilya for Chandragupta to instruct him on how to reign over an empire.

7. The first-ever book written on the Practice of Management, this treatise is also about foreign policy, administration, economic reforms, policies, and war. It is a primeval Indian discourse on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy.

8. The Arthashastra refers to a practice of political diplomacy that emerged in India and is epitomized by the written material on position, policy, and military strategy written by Kautilya.

9. Arthashastra says that the qualities of a person, character, and knowledge are prime requirements of wealth—creation. It is largely misunderstood that wealth is what is around you.

10. The Arthashastra states that a man could be a slave either by birth, by voluntarily selling himself, by being captured in war, or as a result of judicial punishment.

1.2 Charwak Philosophy

Ans:- 

1. Charvaka, also called Lokayata, is a philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation, the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self.

2. The Charvaka concept was quickly named Lokayata, or anything originating from ordinary people because it was aimed toward the regular people. 

3. Charvakas believe that there are four elements: earth, water, fire, and air.

4. The Carvakas were exponents of the doctrine of egoistic hedonism. Their motto was 'eat, drink, and be merry'. But the original meaning of this word is shrouded in mystery.

5. It was a popular belief system in ancient India. Brihaspati, a philosopher, is traditionally referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy, although some scholars dispute this.

6. These are perception, inference, comparison, verbal testimony, postulation, and non-perception. The Charvaka school claims that perception is the only dependable source of knowledge.

7. Charvaka was a philosophical school of thought, developed in India. In 600 BCE, stressed materialism as how one understands and lives in the world.

8. Hinduism identifies six pramanas as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths: Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumaṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthapatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), Anupalabdhi (non-perception).

9. According to it, the Atman, Charvaka says that the Atman and Cetana (Consciousness) both are different things and consciousness is the present property of 'self' and body.

10. Charvaka's ethics was one of hedonism. They believed in sensual pleasures as the only true purpose of human existence and denied any obligations for an afterlife, or karma.

1.3 Nalanda

Ans:- 

1. Nalanda is famous all over the world for the ancient International Monastic University established in the 5th century BC, which taught Vedas, Logic, Grammar, Medicine, Meta-Physics, Prose Composition, and Rhetoric. Nalanda district is popularly known as Biharsharif.

2. It is believed that the library of Nalanda was so huge that it burned for months after the university was ransacked by Bakhtiyar Khilji and the library was set on fire. Nalanda was attacked three times by the invaders – the Huns, the Gaudas, and finally Bhaktiyar Khilji who brought about its destruction.

3. Nalanda is an ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India from 427 to 1197. Nalanda was established in the 5th century AD in Bihar, India.

4. n the 1190s the university was destroyed by a marauding troop of invaders led by Turko-Afghan military general Bakhtiyar Khilji, who sought to extinguish the Buddhist center of knowledge during his conquest of northern and eastern India.

5. Khilji was miffed that a Buddhist monk was able to do what his Islamic doctors couldn't. The Sultan decided to terminate the source of this ability by burning down the Nalanda University library, destroying around 9 million books, and effectively suppressing Buddhism. It took 3 months to burn down the library.

6. Nalanda University was destroyed three times by different invaders.

7. It specialized in Buddhist teachings but also offered subjects like logic, grammar, philosophy, and literature. The famous libraries in Nalanda were Ratnasagar, Ratnadadhi, and Ratnaranjak. All these libraries were located in a complex called 'Dharmaganj'.

8. Under the strong influence of Hindu Brahmin priests Kumar Bhotto and Shonkoracharjo, Buddhism began to lose all its credibility in society.

9. The highly formalized methods of Vedic learning helped inspire the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila which are often characterized as India's early universities.

10. Nalanda University attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia, and Turkey. A half-hour bus ride from Rajgir is Nalanda, the site of the world's first University.

1.4 Swami Vivekanand

Ans:- 

1. Swami Vivekananda was born on 12 January 1863 and died on 4 July 1902. Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion.

2. He later found his guru, Ramakrishna, and became a monk. After the death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda extensively toured the Indian subcontinent, acquiring first-hand knowledge of the living conditions of Indian people in then-British India. 

3. The famous thought of Swami Vivekananda “Strength is Life, Weakness is Death, Expansion is Life, Contraction is Death, Love is Life, Hatred is Death.”

4. The speaker spoke about the five characteristics of a great leader – Compassion, Optimism, Faith, Humour, and Mindfulness, citing examples from the lives and the works of Swami Vivekananda.

5. The 3 golden rules of life Swami Vivekananda; Who is Helping You, Don't Forget them. -Who is Loving you, Don't Hate them. -Who is Believing you, Don't Cheat them. 

6. Swami Vivekananda was a global leader a visionary and a missionary. He practiced servant leadership all through his life.

7. Swami Vivekananda served as one of the most inspiring intellectual fervor behind the Indian freedom struggle.

8. Vivekananda is credited with contributing to a revival of modern Hinduism and inspiring nationalist consciousness during colonial rule.

9. Ramakrishna Mission is a registered society engaged in the service of mankind in the spirit of 'service of God in man'. It was founded by Sri Ramakrishna's chief disciple, Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), who is regarded as one of the main molders of the modern world.

10.  He taught us, unconditional love, reinforced the importance of giving back, and taught us how to be a better person.

1.5 Munsi Premchand

Ans:- 

1. Premchand was born on 31 July 1880 in Lamhi, a village located near Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth"). His ancestors came from a large Kayastha family.

2. When he was 7 years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasa in Lalpur, Varanasi, located near Lamhi. He learned Urdu and Persian from a maulvi in the madrasa.

3. When he was 7 years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasa in Lalpur, Varanasi, located near Lamhi. He learned Urdu and Persian from a maulvi in the madrasa.

4. The main characteristic of Premchand's writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the rural peasant classes. He avoided the use of highly Sanskrit, Hindi, and also Spanish language.

5. The main aim of literature, then, was to 'refine' the mind of the readers.

6. In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA degree from Allahabad University. By 1921, he had been promoted to Deputy Inspector of Schools. On 8 February 1921, he attended a meeting in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Gandhi asked people to resign from government jobs as part of the non-cooperation movement.

7. Munshi Premchand is considered the first Hindi author whose writings prominently featured realism. His novels describe the problems of the poor and the urban middle-class people.

8. He even mentioned the discrimination females faced in society. He fought against the dowry system, and widow marriages and opined that women have to come out and express their feelings against the social evils and discrimination showed on her.

9. Godaan (1936), Premchand's last novel, was written at the time when Indians were engaged in the freedom struggle and Indian society was facing social, political, economic, and cultural problems. 

10. In the year 1936, sometime before his death, he was nominated as the 1st President of the Progressive Writers' Association, Lucknow. 

1.6 Chol Gram Parshashan

Ans:- 

1. The Chola Empire was founded by Vijayalaya. He took over the Tanjore kingdom in the 8th century and led to the rise of the mighty Cholas by defeating the Pallavas. Tanjore was hence made the first capital of the eminent Chola Empire. 

2. The main feature of the Chola administration was its local self-government. Villages were a complete unit of self-government and the administration of the village was done by the villagers themselves. These inscriptions from the Chola rulers throw a detailed light on this system. System- Economic punishments were based on social humiliation.

3. Chola rulers started taking heavy titles like- Chakravartigal. In the Chola dynasty, images of dead kings were worshipped. This indicates that the Chola rulers believed in the divine principle of the origin of the state. It was prevalent among the Kushan kings in Indian history before the Cholas.

4. The coronation of the Chola rulers took place at the following places - Tanjore, Chidambaram, and Kanchipuram, while the Chalukya rulers were coronated at Pattadakal. During this period the work and position of the priest became important.

5. The Chola administrative system was based on a complex bureaucracy. The king was the head of the administration. Many inscriptions of Chola kings also throw light on the administration system of that time.

6. With the expansion of the Chola empire, the power and prestige of the king also increased. The king had unlimited powers, yet the king used to consult the head of the departments in the administration.

7. The Chola kings organized a huge army. The main parts of the army were – foot, cavalry, elephant, and navy. There was great emphasis on discipline in the army.

8. The army was given regular training and special military camps were also organized. Precious Arabian horses were bought for the cavalry. Most of these horses died due to the climate of South India and thus the valuable wealth of the state went abroad.

9. The main feature of the Chola administration was its local self-government. Villages were a complete unit of self-government and the administration of the village was done by the villagers themselves. These inscriptions from the Chola rulers throw a detailed light on this system.

10. Precious Arabian horses were bought for the cavalry. Most of these horses died due to the climate of South India and thus the valuable wealth of the state went abroad.

1.7 Samajwadi Movement

Ans:- 

(a) The Samajwadi Movement is a political and social movement in India that emerged as a socialist movement in the mid-20th century.

(b) It is associated with the Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party) of India, a political party that champions the cause of social justice, equality, and democratic socialism.

1. Ideological Foundation

(a) The Samajwadi Movement draws its ideological inspiration from socialist principles, aiming to address socio-economic disparities, promote welfare measures, and advocate for the rights of marginalized sections of society.

(b) The movement emphasizes the importance of social justice, equal distribution of resources, and the welfare of workers and farmers.

2. Origins

(a) The roots of the Samajwadi Movement can be traced back to the Indian independence movement, where socialist leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan played a significant role.

(b) They envisioned a society free from exploitation, inequality, and injustice, and sought to build a political movement that reflected these ideals.

3. Samajwadi Party

(a) The Samajwadi Party was founded in 1992 as a political party committed to socialist principles and the welfare of the common people.

(b) The party has been led by prominent socialist leaders such as Mulayam Singh Yadav and his son Akhilesh Yadav.

4. Agenda and Policies

(a) The Samajwadi Movement, through the Samajwadi Party, has focused on several key policy areas, including rural development, education, healthcare, employment generation, and social welfare schemes.

(b) The party has advocated for reservation for marginalized communities, better wages for workers, agricultural reforms, and empowerment of women and youth.

5. Challenges and Criticisms

(a)  They have been accused of dynastic politics, instances of law and order issues in the state of Uttar Pradesh, and inconsistencies in their governance approach.

(b) However, supporters argue that the party's focus on social justice and welfare measures has positively impacted the lives of marginalized sections of society.

1.8 Tulshi Das

Ans:- 

1. Tulsidas was born in Rajpur, in the district of Banda in Uttar Pradesh, in Samvat 1589 or 1532 A.D. He was a Sarayuparina Brahmin by birth and is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of Ramayana written in Sanskrit.

2. Tulsidas is credited with translating the Sanskrit Ramayana into Avadhi Ramcharitmanas, the life story of Shri Rama, the eighth avatar of Lord Vishnu. Some believe that the saint was an incarnation of saint Valmiki, the writer of Ramayana.

3. The authorship of the Hanuman Chalisa is attributed to Tulsidas, a poet-saint who lived in the 16th century CE.

4. Tulsidas wrote Ramcharitamanas during the reign of Akbar. Ramcharitmanas were composed at Ayodhya, Varanasi & Chitrakoot.

5. Goswami Tulsidas was a great Hindu poet as well as saint, reformer, and philosopher who composed various popular books. 

6.  Annoyed by Tulsidas' actions, Akbar ordered him to be put in prison at Fatehpur Sikri Fort. It was during his imprisonment that Tulsidas wrote Hanuman Chalisa.

7. Tulsidas, also known as Goswami Tulsidas, was a Hindu Bhakti poet-saint, reformer, and philosopher renowned for his devotion to the Avatar when He appeared as Rama.

8. Tulsidas says that the proper way to practice bhakti involves victory over attachment and anger. We should understand that both of these relate to the temporary.

9. The Ramcharitmanas is written in the vernacular Awadhi language, the core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana. 

10. Tulsidas' doctrine has been described as an assimilation and reconciliation of the diverse tenets and cultures of Hinduism. 

1.9 Rakskhan

Ans:- 

1. Syed Ibrahim Khan (1548-1628) was an Indian Sufi Muslim poet who became a devotee of the Hindu deity Krishna. He was either born in Pihani or Amroha, in modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India. His original name was Saiyad Ibahim and Raskhan was his takhallus in Hindi.

2. He became a follower of Krishna, learned the bhakti marga from Vitthalanatha, and began living in Vrindavan, where he spent the rest of his life. He accepted Krishna as the supreme god and became a Vaishnava.

3. Raskhan is widely acknowledged as a great poet, having dedicated most of his creations to Lord. He had imagery in his poetry. Rachnavali is the collection of Raskhan's poetry.

4. His creations describe the beauty of Lord Krishna and his relations with his beloved Radha.

5. The poem Prem Vatika was written by Raskhan. Prem Vatika's poem is based on the life of Lord Krishna. The poetry of Raskhan focuses on Lord Krishna, "Lilas" of Lord Krishna.

6. In the time of Raskhan, most of the writers used to compose verses only. But Raskhan went against this custom and insisted on writing more and more couplets and poems. He kept the language refined, simple, and pure in almost all his compositions.

7. Generally, Raskhan has used only Brajbhasha in his compositions. Popular idioms can be found in many places in his creations. The form of his language in his poetry is very simple and simple.

8. Some people also believe that he kept his name Raskhan to use in his compositions. At the time of kings and emperors, the title of Khan was given because of special contributions in their field.

9. He was a very good and true Krishna devotee and poet. Raskhan was a famous poet of the Bhakti period. He has described Krishna in both Shringar Rasa and Bhakti Rasa in his poems. well described.

10.  Raskhan died in 1628 AD, he died in Mathura's Braj itself, and his tomb is also built there.

1.10 Saptang Theory

Ans:- 

1. The Saptanga theory of Kautilya views monarchy as the norm, and all of its teachings are directed at the king. Kautilya believed that the king's fate was intimately correlated with the population of his domain.

2. The word “Saptang” indicates seven limbs, constituents, or elements. Together, they constitute the State as an organism, “like a chariot. composed of seven parts fitted and subservient to one another”.

3. Translated as seven limbs—sapt-anga, it helped one understand the Prakriti (nature or character) of the state. The seven constituent elements can also be described as the building blocks, which determined the prakriti of the state.

4.  According to it, the seven limbs of a state are King, Amatya (Bureaucrats), Janapada (territory), Durga (Fort), Kosa (Treasure), Danda (coercive authority), and Mitra (ally).

5. The Saptanga theory of the state was given by Kautilya. Kautilya wrote the Arthashastra and in this, he wrote about the Saptanga theory of the state.

6. Kautilya advocated a six-fold policy to interact with the neighbors, which included co-existence, neutrality, alliance, double policy, march, and war.

7.  According to 'Arthashastra' the state is constituent of 'Saptanga is Svami, amatya, janapada, Durga, kosha, danda, and Mitra.

8. His sap tanga theory is a systematic and coherent theory of state power that was unmatched by Machiavelli.

9. He may not have advocated democracy, but Kautilya said that the welfare of the people was central to the stability and security of a kingdom.

10. According to Kautilya states were confined not merely to the maintenance of law and order or the protection of the people. but extended to enable the individual to attain the highest development.